Yes, it is possible to enroll for a PhD programme in Indian institutes after graduating in your BTech degree. All IITs and NITs provide this opportunity to all students despite of their background. No, MS or Mtech is not mandatory to qualify for a PhD programme.
The only difference is that, you have to do some extra credits in course work. Course work refers to take some master degree subjects in curriculum (supposed to require in your research area, also choices depends on you supervisor) and get 60% marks in those and 'Credits', i think you know, what it means. Okay, now take ease, I am giving you a example of that also. Two Persons 'A' and 'B' joins IIT Kharagpur. A has completed his Mtech, whereas B has only BTech degree. Now both of them have to complete their course work. Course work will be allotted by their supervisor (guide). Now their is a difference in limits for both of them. For B, it is Maximum: 40 credits ad Minimum: 20 credits, whereas for A, it is 20 and 10 respectively. But it is completely depended upon you guide only. respective guide can allot 20 credits to both of them. hence in that case no difference (Its sound nice, no? :-)). Now let me clear the significance of credits in course work. Each subject has 3 or 4 credits, dedicated to it. So if you have to complete 20 credits, then you have to take 5 subjects (5*4=20) or 7 subjects (7*3=21) or may be 6 subjects (combination of 3 & 4).
Previously, there is one more difference in stipend also, Mtech people used to get 18000 per month initially and after 2 years they got 20000 p.m for next 2 years., and for Btech guys, it was 16k (2 years) and 18k (3 years) respectively. But after 1st October, 2014. all became same, and irrespective of their degree, every research scholar (PhD student) gets INR 25000 per month for initial 2 years and then INR 28000 per month for next 3 years.
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